Command Line Basics
Päivitetty 11.10.2024
Muokattu
- e) Pipe. Näytä esimerkki putkista (pipes,
|). - f) Rauta. Listaa testaamasi koneen rauta (‘sudo lshw -short -sanitize’). Asenna lshw tarvittaessa. Selitä ja analysoi listaus.
Lisätty
- g) Vapaaehtoinen: Valitse muutama rivi lokeista. Tulkitse ja analysoi.
Equipment
- Screen: AOC G2490VXA, 24” QHD(1440p), 144Hz
- Raspberry Pi 4 model B 4 Gt
- Operating Sytem: Raspbian OS (based on Debian)
- CPU: Broadcom BCM2711 SoC with a 1.8 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, with 1 MB shared L2 cache.
- Memory: 4 Gt
- Disk space: 32Gt
- Näytönohjain: Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz
x)Linux Commands
Linux uses commands that dates way back, even before internet was publicly available. Most of these if not all commands have stayed unchanged, and many generations have used the same commands to, navigate around directories, creating new content, deleting, updating and more.
In linux, some of the commands can be executed by the computer without root user permission. Root user being usually the administrator. For other commands, permission is needed, and you can confirm this by placing ’’sudo’’ before the command i.e.
$ sudo apt-get update
This command updates list of available packages.
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
This command is used after the update command, to upgrade any and all available packages.
If command is about SSH or other type of either vulnerable or dangerous command, the system can ask for a password to execute the command
The most common commands include pwd, ls, cd, touch and mkdir. With these command you can see the path to your current directory, list all the files and folders in a directory, move to different directory and create files with touch or directories(folders) respectively.
$ pwd
$ ls
$ cd directoryA # or cd .. for previous directory
$ touch NEWFOLDER
$ mkdir NEWFILE
To remove you can use commands
$ rm NEWFILE
$ rmdir NEWFOLDER
#if the directory has any content, you will need to run command $ rm -r NEWFOLDER
To open a remote access the commands is
$ ssh xxx.xxx.xxx.x #change the X’s to your destination computers IP address
History
You can check your command history, by typing simply history, and it will show you list of recently used commands
$ mkdir NEWFILE
Manual
An important command, for you to find information about how the different commands work, you can use the man command.
$ man ls,
# this command shows you the manual page of the ls command.
# Changing the command after man, shows you the manual page for that requested command
a) Installing Micro-editor
You can install the micro-editor simply by typing the command
$ sudo apt-get install -y micro
When you’re downloading via command line, the -y option in the sudo apt-get install command is used to automatically answer “yes” to any prompts that might appear during the installation process.
For example. Install the micro package, and automatically answer ‘yes’ to any prompts that come up during the installation process.
b) Installing multiple programs
To install multiple programs at once you can use the command for download, and then write the programs after the command with one space in between
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt install htop ncdu cowsay tldr bat
It looks like “htop” & “ncdu” came with the OS, so the terminal shows me that, it has both of them already in the system and they are the newest version.
For this assignment I downloaded the following programs
“htop” which shows interactively running processes and usage of the resources in clear TUI.
“ncdu” that shows systems size in memory usage, also helps you find large files and folders.
“cowsay”, is funny little program that creates figure of cow and inserts your text to it speechbuble.
c) Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
’/’ Root directory for all files and folders. All and any file or folder is located in here
$ ls /
‘/home/’ is the homefolder for all the users. Only one user in this OS now, uhse
$ ls /home/
uhse
‘/home/user/’ this would be a directory personal to the user, where the user can store permanently and without needing privileges
ls /home/user/
‘/etc/’ this directory contains all the filesettings and configurations
$ ls /etc/
adduser.conf default host.conf locale.alias opt request-key.conf sudoers.d
alsa ... ...
‘/media/’ this directory contains all the portable media, such as CD-ROM or USB stick. Currently there is nothing portable in my computer, so the list shows empty
ls /media/
‘/var/log/’ this directory contains log files, that are records incidents, errors and other system states. They are used for troubleshooting.
ls /var/log/
alternatives.log boot.log cups dpkg.log fontconfig.log kern.log messages syslog Xorg.0.log
apt ... ...
d)Manual & grep
grep fetches from the text lines, anything that matching a search.
$ grep "looking for this sentence" fromThisFile.txt
This would search from fromThisFile.txt anything that matches “looking for this sentence”.
$ grep -n "looking for this sentence" fromThisFile.txt
This command is same as previous, additionally it prints all the linenumbers where it found the matches.
$ man grep
Info about the grep.
e) Pipe. Näytä esimerkki putkista (pipes, “|”).
$ echo HEI MAAILMA! KUULUUKO?|sudo tee /var/www/index.html
g) Vapaaehtoinen: Valitse muutama rivi lokeista. Tulkitse ja analysoi.
Klo 20:08:35 käynnistän Apachen sudokomennolla. root session closed for user root, mutta käyttäjä leovice saa käyttää root tasolla komentoja. Apache käynnistyy 20:08:45
f) Hardware
$ sudo lshw -short -sanitize
H/W path Device Class Description
=======================================================
system Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Rev 1.5
/0 bus Motherboard
/0/1 processor cpu
/0/1/0 memory 32KiB L1 Cache
/0/2 processor cpu
/0/2/0 memory 32KiB L1 Cache
/0/3 processor cpu
/0/3/0 memory 32KiB L1 Cache
/0/4 processor cpu
/0/4/0 memory 32KiB L1 Cache
/0/5 processor l2-cache0
/0/6 memory 3794MiB System memory
/0/0 bridge BCM2711 PCIe Bridge
/0/0/0 bus VL805 USB 3.0 Host Controller
/0/0/0/0 usb1 bus xHCI Host Controller
/0/0/0/0/1 bus USB2.0 Hub
/0/0/0/0/1/4 input USB Receiver
/0/0/0/1 usb2 bus xHCI Host Controller
/0/0/0/1/2 scsi0 storage USB DISK
/0/0/0/1/2/0.0.0 /dev/sda disk 125GB USB DISK
/0/0/0/1/2/0.0.0/0 /dev/sda disk 125GB
/0/0/0/1/2/0.0.0/0/1 volume 512MiB EFI GPT partition
/0/0/0/1/2/0.0.0/0/2 /dev/sda2 volume 115GiB Linux filesystem partition
/0/0/0/1/2/0.0.0/0/3 /dev/sda3 volume 976MiB Linux swap volume
/1 eth0 network Ethernet interface
Järjestelmä on Raspberry Pi 4 malli B. memory 3794MiB System memory Kertoo muisting määrän, 4Gt ram. Tietokoneeseen on kiinnitetty ulkoinen levy /dev/sda disk 125GB USB DISK. Levyssä on Linuxin asentamiseen tarvittavat ohjelmat. 512MiB EFI GPT partition 115GiB Linux filesystem partition 976MiB Linux swap volume